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Die Once and Never Play Again

Phrase associated with the Holocaust and other genocides

"Never once more" is a phrase or slogan which is associated with the Holocaust and other genocides. The phrase may originate from a 1927 poem by Yitzhak Lamdan which stated "Never again shall Masada autumn!" In the context of genocide, the slogan was used by liberated prisoners at Buchenwald concentration campsite to limited anti-fascist sentiment. The verbal significant of the phrase is debated, including whether it should be used as a particularistic command to avoid a 2nd Holocaust of Jews or whether information technology is a universalist injunction to prevent all forms of genocide. It was adopted as a slogan by Meir Kahane'southward Jewish Defence League.

The phrase is widely used past politicians and writers and it besides appears on many Holocaust memorials. Information technology has also been appropriated equally a political slogan for other causes, from celebration of the 1976 Argentine coup, the promotion of gun control or ballgame rights, and every bit an injunction to fight confronting terrorism after the September 11 attacks.

Origins [edit]

During the liberation of Buchenwald, a sign states "Grade the Antinazifront! Remember the Millions of victims Murdered by the Nazis / DEATH TO THE NAZI CRIMINALS"[1]

The slogan "Never again shall Masada fall!" is derived from a 1927 epic verse form, Masada, by Yitzhak Lamdan.[2] [three] The poem is about the siege of Masada, in which a group of Jewish rebels (the Sicarii) held out against Roman armies and, according to legend, committed mass suicide rather than be captured. In Zionism, the story of Masada became a national myth and was lauded as an case of Jewish heroism. Considered one of the most significant examples of early Yishuv literature, Masada accomplished massive popularity among Zionists in the state of Israel and in the Jewish diaspora. Masada became a part of the official Hebrew curriculum and the slogan became an unofficial national motto.[4] In postwar Israel, the behavior of Jews during the Holocaust was unfavorably contrasted with the beliefs of the defenders of Masada:[2] [3] the former were denigrated for having gone "like sheep to the slaughter" while the latter were praised for their heroic and resolute fight.[5]

Betwixt 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its allies murdered about half-dozen meg Jews in a genocide which became known as the Holocaust.[half dozen] The Nazi effort to implement their terminal solution to the Jewish question took place during Globe War Two in Europe. The first use of the phrase "never again" in the context of the Holocaust was in April 1945 when newly liberated survivors at Buchenwald concentration military camp displayed information technology in various languages on handmade signs.[7] [8] Cultural studies scholars Diana I. Popescu and Tanja Schult write that there was initially a distinction between political prisoners, who invoked "never once more" as part of their fight against fascism, and Jewish survivors, whose imperative was to "never forget" their murdered relatives and destroyed communities. They write that the stardom has been blurred in the subsequent decades as the Holocaust was universalised.[viii] Co-ordinate to the United nations, the Universal Declaration of Homo Rights was adopted in 1948 considering "the international community vowed never once more to allow" the atrocities of Earth War II, and the Genocide Convention was adopted the aforementioned year.[nine] [ten] Eric Sundquist notes that "the founding of Israel was predicated on the injunction to recollect a history of destruction—the destruction of ii Temples, exile and pogroms, and the Holocaust—and to ensure that such events will never happen again".[two] The slogan "never once more" was used on Israeli kibbutzim by the end of the 1940s, and was used in the Swedish documentary Mein Kampf [de] in 1961.[xi]

Definition [edit]

Never Again! A Program for Survival (1972)

According to Hans Kellner, "Unpacking the semantic contents of 'Never Again' would be an enormous chore. Suffice it to say that this phrase, despite its non-imperative form equally a speech human action, orders someone to resolve that something shall non happen for a 2nd time. The someone, in the first instance, is a Jew; the something is usually called the Holocaust."[12] Kellner suggests that it is related to the "biblical imperative of retentiveness" (zakhor), in Deuteronomy 5:fifteen, "And recollect that thou wast a servant in the land of Arab republic of egypt, and that the Lord thy God brought thee out thence through a mighty hand and by a stretched out arm." (In the bible, this refers to remembering and keeping Shabbat).[12] Information technology is besides closely related to the biblical command in Exodus 23:9: "You lot shall not oppress a stranger, for you know the feelings of the stranger, having yourselves been strangers in the land of Egypt."[13]

The initial significant of the phrase, used by Abba Kovner and other Holocaust survivors, was particular to the Jewish community just the phrase's significant was after broadened to other genocides.[xiii] Information technology is still a affair of debate whether "Never once more" refers primarily to Jews ("Never again can we allow Jews to exist victims of another Holocaust") or whether it has a universal meaning ("Never again shall the world allow genocide to accept place anywhere against whatever group"). Nevertheless, most politicians use it in the latter sense.[seven] The phrase is used commonly in postwar German language politics, but it has different meanings. Co-ordinate to 1 interpretation, considering Nazism was a synthesis of preexisting aspects of German political thought and an extreme course of ethnic nationalism, all forms of German language nationalism should be rejected. Other politicians debate that the Nazis "misused" appeals to patriotism and that a new German identity should be built.[14]

Writing nigh the phrase, Ellen Posman noted that "A past though oft recent humiliation, and an emphasis on old victimhood, can lead to a communal desire for a show of strength that can hands turn fierce."[fifteen] Meir Kahane, a far-right rabbi, and his Jewish Defence force League popularized the phrase. To Kahane and his followers, "Never over again" referred specifically to the Jews and its imperative to fight antisemitism was a call to arms that justified terrorism against perceived enemies.[11] [iii] [16] The Jewish Defense League song included the passage "To our slaughtered brethren and lonely widows: / Never again volition our people'south claret be shed past water, / Never again will such things be heard in Judea." After Kahane's death in 1990, Sholom Comay, president of the American Jewish Committee, said "Despite our considerable differences, Meir Kahane must ever be remembered for the slogan 'Never Again,' which for so many became the battle cry of post-Holocaust Jewry."[11]

Contemporary usage [edit]

According to Aaron Dorfman, "Since the Holocaust, the Jewish customs's attitude toward preventing genocide has been summed up in the moral philosophy of 'Never Once again.'"[thirteen] What this meant was that the Jews would not allow themselves to be victimized.[17] The phrase has been used in many official commemorations and appears on many Holocaust memorials and museums,[viii] [2] including memorials at Treblinka extermination camp[2] and Dachau concentration camp,[18] likewise equally in commemoration of the Rwanda genocide.[19]

It is in wide use past Holocaust survivors, politicians, writers, and other commentators, who invoke it for a multifariousness of purposes.[7] [19] In 2012, Elie Wiesel wrote: "'Never again' becomes more a slogan: It's a prayer, a hope, a vow... never again the glorification of base, ugly, dark violence." The U.s. Holocaust Memorial Museum made the phrase, in its universal sense, the theme of its 2013 Days of Remembrance, urging people to look out for the "alarm signs" of genocide.[xi]

In 2016, Samuel Totten suggested that the "in one case powerful admonition [has] become a cliché" because it is repeatedly used even equally genocides continue to occur, and condemnation of genocide tends to only occur after it is already over.[seven] For an increasing number of critics, the phrase has become empty and overused.[8] Others, including Adama Dieng, have noted that genocide has continued to occur, non never again but "time and again" or "again and again" later on World War II.[ix] [20] [21] [19] [7] [17] In 2020, several critics of the Chinese regime used the phrase to refer to the perceived lack of international reaction to the Uyghur genocide.[22] [23] [24] [25] On 1 March 2022, after the Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center was striking by Russian missiles and shells during the boxing of Kyiv, Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelenskyy argued that "never once again" ways not being silent virtually Russian federation's aggression, lest history repeat itself.[26]

Multiple United States presidents, including Jimmy Carter in 1979, Ronald Reagan in 1984, George H. W. Bush in 1991, Bill Clinton in 1993, and Barack Obama in 2011, have promised that the Holocaust would not happen again, and that action would exist forthcoming to end genocide.[19] [9] [11] Notwithstanding, genocide occurred during their presidencies: Cambodia in Carter'south case, Anfal genocide during Reagan's presidency, Bosnia for Bush and Clinton, Rwanda under Clinton, and Yazidi genocide for Obama.[27] [9] Elie Wiesel wrote that if "never once more" were upheld "in that location would be no Cambodia, and no Rwanda and no Darfur and no Bosnia."[28] Totten argued that the phrase would only recover its gravitas if "no one but those who are truly serious nigh preventing another Holocaust" invoked it.[7]

Other uses [edit]

In Argentina, the phrase Nunca más (never more) is used in almanac commemorations of the 1976 Argentine coup, to emphasize continued opposition to armed services coups, dictatorship, and political violence, and a commitment to republic and man rights.[29] [30] "Never over again" has also been used in commemoration of Japanese American internment and the Chinese Exclusion Act.[11]

Afterward the September 11 attacks, President George W. Bush declared that terrorism would be immune to triumph "never again". He referenced the phrase when defending the trial of non-citizens in military courts for terrorism-related offenses and mass surveillance policies adopted by his assistants. Bush commented, "Strange terrorists and agents must never again be allowed to utilise our freedoms against the states." His words echoed a speech that his begetter had given later winning the Gulf War: "never over again be held hostage to the darker side of human nature".[31]

The phrase has been used by political advancement groups Never Once more Activity, which opposes clearing detention in the United States, and by Never Once again MSD, a grouping that campaigns confronting gun violence in the wake of the Stoneman Douglas shooting.[11] [32]

See also [edit]

  • Responsibleness to protect
  • The war to cease war
  • Never forget
  • Lest we forget

References [edit]

  1. ^ "A sign posted [probably in Buchenwald] that says, "Form the Antinazifront! Retrieve the Millions of victims Murdered by the Nazis/ Expiry TO THE NAZI CRIMINALS." - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". collections.ushmm.org. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e Sundquist, Eric J. (2009). Strangers in the State: Blacks, Jews, Mail-Holocaust America. Harvard University Press. p. 601. ISBN978-0-674-04414-2. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  3. ^ a b c Philologos (vi May 2020). "What Is the Source of the Phrase "Never Once more"?". Mosaic Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 Apr 2020. Retrieved six May 2020.
  4. ^ Zerubavel, Yael (1995). Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition. Academy of Chicago Printing. pp. 69, 116, 258. ISBN978-0-226-98157-4. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  5. ^ Feldman, Yael S. (2013). ""Not as Sheep Led to Slaughter"? On Trauma, Selective Memory, and the Making of Historical Consciousness". Jewish Social Studies. xix (3): 139–169. doi:10.2979/jewisocistud.19.iii.139. ISSN 0021-6704. JSTOR 10.2979/jewisocistud.xix.three.139. S2CID 162015828.
  6. ^ "Introduction to the Holocaust". Holocaust Encyclopedia. U.s.a. Holocaust Memorial Museum. 12 March 2018. Archived from the original on xi Oct 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d eastward f Totten, Samuel (2016). "What Almost "Other" Genocides? An Educator'due south Dilemma or an Educator'south Opportunity?". Essentials of Holocaust Education: Fundamental Issues and Approaches. Routledge. p. 197. ISBN978-1-317-64808-half dozen. Archived from the original on i February 2022. Retrieved xix October 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d Popescu, Diana I.; Schult, Tanja (2019). "Performative Holocaust commemoration in the 21st century". Holocaust Studies. 26 (2): 135–136. doi:10.1080/17504902.2019.1578452.
  9. ^ a b c d Power, Samantha (1998). "Never Again: The World's Most Unfullfilled Promise | The World's Almost Wanted Man". Frontline. PBS. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  10. ^ "Universal Annunciation". United nations. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g "How the Holocaust motto Never Once more became a rallying cry for gun control". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 8 March 2018. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  12. ^ a b Kellner, Hans (1994). ""Never Over again" is Now". History and Theory. 33 (two): 127–128. doi:ten.2307/2505381. ISSN 0018-2656. JSTOR 2505381.
  13. ^ a b c Dorfman, Aaron. "Responding to Genocide". My Jewish Learning. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved vi May 2020.
  14. ^ Art, David (2005). The Politics of the Nazi By in Germany and Republic of austria. Cambridge University Printing. p. twenty. ISBN978-1-139-44883-3. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 19 Oct 2020.
  15. ^ Posman, Ellen (2011). "Introduction: Never Again". In Murphy, Andrew R. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-1-4443-9573-0. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved xix October 2020.
  16. ^ School, Lee C. Bollinger Dean University of Michigan Law (1986). The Tolerant Society. Oxford University Printing, United states. p. 274. ISBN978-0-nineteen-802104-9. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 19 Oct 2020.
  17. ^ a b Gubkin, Liora (2007). You Shall Tell Your Children: Holocaust Memory in American Passover Ritual. Rutgers University Press. p. 117. ISBN978-0-8135-4390-1. Archived from the original on nine July 2021. Retrieved 19 Oct 2020.
  18. ^ Baer, Alejandro; Sznaider, Natan (2016). Memory and Forgetting in the Post-Holocaust Era: The Ideals of Never Again. Routledge. ISBN978-one-317-03375-2. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved vii May 2020.
  19. ^ a b c d Buettner, Angi (2016). "Never again: Rwanda, genocide, and the Holocaust". Holocaust Images and Picturing Catastrophe: The Cultural Politics of Seeing. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN978-1-351-93052-9. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved nineteen October 2020.
  20. ^ "Genocide: "Never over again" has become "time and over again"". Office of the United nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 18 September 2018. Archived from the original on four June 2020. Retrieved half dozen May 2020.
  21. ^ McCallum, Luke (half dozen April 2019). "Publications". International Association of Genocide Scholars. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020. The twentieth century has been called "The Age of Genocide." In the backwash of the Holocaust, the slogan "never again" was coined; withal since 1945 we accept seen the mass slaughter of Bengalis, Cambodians, Rwandans, Bosnians, Kosovars, and Darfuris, to name but a few.
  22. ^ Ibrahim, Azeem (3 December 2019). "China Must Respond for Cultural Genocide in Court". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on xx January 2020. Retrieved 3 Feb 2021.
  23. ^ Dolkun, Isa (14 September 2020). "Europe said 'never again.' Why is it silent on Uighur genocide?". Politico. Archived from the original on three March 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  24. ^ Sartor, Nina (iii December 2020). ""Never Again" all once again". The Silhouette. Archived from the original on seven Feb 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  25. ^ Kaye, Jonah (23 August 2020). "Uyghur Camps And The Meaning Of 'Never Again'". The Detroit Jewish News. Archived from the original on seven March 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  26. ^ Harkov, Lahav (1 March 2022). "Russia strikes Babyn Yar Holocaust memorial site in Ukraine". The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved i March 2022.
  27. ^ Fishel, Justin (17 March 2016). "ISIS Has Committed Genocide, Obama Administration Declares". ABC News. Archived from the original on 10 January 2020. Retrieved vii May 2020.
  28. ^ Rieff, David (i February 2011). "The Persistence of Genocide". Hoover Institution. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  29. ^ Fernández Meijide, Graciela (24 March 2020). ""Nunca más", united nations compromiso vigente". Infobae (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  30. ^ "Día de la Memoria en Argentina: el necesario recuerdo de la dictadura". France 24. 24 March 2019. Archived from the original on 18 Dec 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  31. ^ Schneider, Rebecca (2006). "Never, Over again". In Hamera, Judith A. (ed.). The SAGE Handbook of Performance Studies. SAGE. p. 25. ISBN978-0-7619-2931-4. Archived from the original on one February 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  32. ^ "Jews Protesting Detention Centers: Inside Never Again Action". Jewish Journal. 17 July 2019. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved six May 2020.

External links [edit]

wylieknours.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again